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THE 







ESTERN 



CANE GROWERS 1 MANUAL, 



BY 



Somerset, Kansas. 

a 31 J - 

A Treatise on the Growth and Cultivation of 
Cane and Manufacture of Syrup, with oth- 
er Valuable Information, 
Recipes, Etc., Etc. 



Paola, Kansas : 
MIAMI REPUBLICAN PRINT. 

1878. 



i H 



Western Cue mm I 




BY 



3. Js/L. WALCHEH, 



Somerset. Kansas. 



' 



A Treatise on the Growth and Cultivation of 
(Jam-: and Manufacture of Syrup, with oth- 
er Valuable Information, 
Recipes, Etc., Etc. 



* 




Paola, Kansas : 
MIAMI REPUBLICAN PRINT 

1878. 



Entered According to Act of Congress in the year 1878, by S. M. 
Walcher, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, 



°D^ » 



PREFACE. 



Iu offering these tew crude pages to the public, I don't 
expect to weary your patience with flourishes or style. 
I am simply trying to put together tacts of experience 
which have co^ne under my observation, in order to as- 
sist those who wish information ; so as to make the cane 
growing and manufacturing of syrup profitable to 
all. Yours &c, 

S. M. WALCHEB. 



INTRODUCTION. 

The growth of cane in this latitude is no more an ex- 
periment. All over the United States, except the extreme 
North, the sugar cane has proven to ba a success and leaves 
a good profit when properly handled. It is true to some 
extent that the growth, cultivation and manufacture of 
this is but verv little understood by a great many, but the 
inventive genus of man in this age seems to be capable 
for almost anything, and what ever project is put on foot, 
seldom stops short ot perfection. 

The introduction of this valuable plant has saved mil- 
lions of dollars to the American people in the last tew 



years. Take away this luxury of home production if you 
please and imagine what the result would be. 

We see daily that home made syrup is being used 
more and more, and as the quality is improved the market 
will become better, and the cheap adulterated stuff which 
is shipped here and sold at an enormous profit will cease 
coming. Every county and state should produce its own 
wants as near as possible, then you would see prosperity. 
The farmer should know just as well how to produce a 
good syrup as a good animal or a good crop of corn. 
With what practical knowledge every one posseses on this 
and similar subjects, it they will study these pages care- 
fully, they will undoubtedly be greatly benefitted and suc- 
cess will crown their efforts. I have seen syrup made 
from linphee cane, that could not be told from honey only 
by comparing them. I made last fall a No. 1 article of 
honey syrup from all the pure Imphec African Cane I 
manufactured, and if the cane had been produced just right 
the quantity would have been greatly increased. No 
wonder we see a disposition to run down and discredit 
the use of home made sorghum (this is the common phrase.) 
We must produce a Nc. 1 article, one that will keep away 
importation, and it can be done to a greater extent than 
now. By so doing we will add wealth to our community 
and strengthen the bonds of union. 

I look to the future for the promotion of truth and 
righteousness over the most serious obstacles. Believing 
firmly these results will be attained, I cheerfully lend my 
feeble efforts to the public to assist in their advancement. 



TREATISE ON CANE. 



After years of study and practical experience, 1 have 
to some extent been successful in condensing a few facts 
which I think without a doubt will be found of gnat 
value to those who anticipate growing or manufacturing 
syrup, either for home use or the market. 

I have been successful also in inventing a New Pan or 
Evaporator which is seamless and out of the best metal for 
that purpose, which will do the work of the most costly, 
making a honey syrup if directions are properly followed. 

Good seed is the first thing". Aclimafed seed is the 
best, providing it is pure. The head must stand erect and 
• •lose, and show no broom-corn appearance ; examine the 
stalk and see whether it is red inside; if it is, it shows 
mixture. Next taste and see if it has a good degree of 
sweetness. Lt must taste sweet and not watery. Then it 
should have been grown on red clay, white or up land 
that is sandy, if possible. Seed from black muck or new 
sod land, shows a low degree of sweetness, and should be 
avoided. Find out the quality of syrup it produced the 
previous year, and the soil it was grown on. Then again, 
you must get well matured seed. The above facts are the 
foundation of good syrup, and without it you cannot ex- 
pect to succeed. 



THE ?.EST VARIETY. 

Every one lias their opinion on this subject. The 
most profitable cane for this section of country at present 
is the Imphee African or Short lied Top, it being a strong 



(6) 

grower and seldom blows down, and if properly grown 
and handled will produce a fine honey syrup, which can't 
be beat. The Short Red Top or Imphee African I have 
known for three years, and am satisfied it is the purest in 
this section of the country at present. The Agricultural 
Department would do a great favor, if they would distrib- 
ute more thouroughly pure seed of the best varieties, every 
few years, and those who are so lucky as to receive seed, 
should take good care and keep it pure, so as to furnish 
his neighbors. The limited quantity of seed which 1 have, 
will be distributed to my customers for the spring of 1878. 
I expect to plant of the same seed. 

There are other varieties of cane If tkey could be found 
pure, which no doubt produce as much or more in quanti- 
ty, but not so good in quality. A great many prefer the 
tall black top. They say it produces more, what if it does? 
it won't produce as fine a syrup, and it is far the most 
troublesome to strip, handle and get to the mill, especially 
if it falls or lodtres, which is often the case, and if it should 
not be ripe when it falls, and the latter part of the summer 
is wet, and it throws out roots, the crop is as good as 
lost, for it can't make anything but dark molasses at an 
extra expense. The above is what many have found to be 
the result. 



THE BEST SOIL. 

Never plant cane on black muck or cold heavy wet 
land, new land just broken up is not good. There should 
be at least one crop grown on it previous to a cane crop. 
Old laud is'always the best. Red white clay or ashey 
land is good, land which has plenty of sand in is good, 
providing it is not wet. Black land that is dry, warm 
and sandy or full of rock is generally good. As a general 
rule: Plant your thin land in cane, it will produce more 
dollars than corn. If your thin laud is wet, plow it up 
in narrow lands and get it dry, and it will pay you big in 



(7) 

caue. Fresh manured land won't grow cane that will pro- 
duce good syrup. White or ashey timber land is good. 
Almost any land except new, wet or black muck, will pro- 
duce nine times out of ten a fine syrup, providing you plant 
Imphee and proplerly handle it all the way through, and 
I believe this rule will hold good in almost any state. A 
treat many seem to think that the larger the stalk the bet- 
ter and the more it will produce, but this experience 
has taught to be an error, a medium size stalk is the best, 
and if you can grow every stalk exactly the same size al! 
the better. Green and ripe cane mixed will not produce 
as good a syrup. Hence drilling will be found best, not 
only for this reason but manv others as we advance. 



PREPARATION OF SOIL. 

Fall plowing is best, plow deep and drain thorough- 
ly. If vou have well rotted manure and can plow it in in 
the fall the effects won't be so bad ; but don't as a general 
rule manure in the spring and expect to produce a fine 
syrup ; as a rule it don't always work on the most of our 
western lands. Plow your land again in the spring and 
thoroughly pulverize it, and if there should come a heavy 
rain and run it together, plow again, and when the weed 
seed begin to sprout drag and keep clean. The early ma- 
turity of cane depends ©n the condition your land is in 
when ready to plant. 



TIME OF PLANTING. 



Early planting is desirable, providing the ground is 
warm, dry and mellow. The first spell of warm settled 
weather in May is best I think for this latitude, and should 
be taken advantage of, and not wait until corn planting 



(8) 

is over, unless you jilatrt corn in April. Then be sure and 
plant your cane next if the weather is favorable ami don't 
plow your corn over first and negleet your cane. The 
germ of t lie cane seed is very delieate when starting, and 
is easy chilled. One cold drenching rain very often will 
chill the young shoots if not out of the ground, so they 
will scarcely recover. In such a case the best way is to plow 
up and replant at once, and you will save time. All must 
be governed more or less bv circumstances, of which ail 
latitudes and soils vary. North we have later spnng>. 
while South as a general rule they are earlier. Again, the 
different soils in the same locality vary? either from the dif- 
ference I'h cultivation or from the previous crops, and cer- 
tain slopes of the country. The south or east slopes are 
best, then plant your rows north and south, so as to re- 
ceive the ravs of the sun. 



PREPARING THE SEEL*. 



Clean your seed thoroughly and take the amount of 
seed you can plant in one day and put in a suitable vessel, 
so the seed is not over two inches deep. If mice, molet? 
or birds are bad, to each quart of seed take one table 
spoonful of copperas and one of chloride of lime ; put them 
in with the seed, then take boiling water and pour on un- 
til all swims, stirring continuously for one minute and no 
longer ; then add cold water at once, until it becomes cool- 
ed down to milk warm. Leave in this state thirty minutes, 
stirring occasionally ;then pour off the water, and mix with 
leached ashes, dirt or plaster which has been found to be 
a valuable fertilizer for the plant. Seed prepared in thia 
way will come up in less than five days, if the weather is 
favorable and the ground warm this gives you the ad- 
vantage of the fine grass just starting; vermin will keep 
heir distance also. Corn prepared the same way (only 



(9) 

use warm water instead of boiling) would be earlier and 
would not be molested by worms and pests. 



DEPTH OF PLANTING, DRILLING, ETC. 

Your ground should be newly prepared the same day 
you are ready to plant, so that every weed or spear of 
grass started is killed. If your ground has been properly 
taken care of previous to this, harrowing with a straight 
tooth harrow so as to cut deep and destroy all the weeds 
started will be all that is necessary. If your ground 
could be harrowed three or four times previous to plant- 
ing, say five to eight days apart, it would bring the weeds 
up taster, and destroying them would be easy. Now take a 
corn marker with three runners or slides, put on weight 
enough to mark two inches deep. Drill the seed with 
your hand which is the best and surest way, one seed every 
half inch. This will look rather tedious, but a little prac- 
tice will give you the art. If you can get a seed drill 
that will do the work, it would be much faster. Some 
use the corn planter, but as you want a stalk every two 
inches or less, it is hard to get the corn planter to work. 
If you drill by hand,coyer as you go so that the seed don't 
dry too much. Do not cover the seed more than two 
inches in loose dirt. If your land is clay or heavy one 
inch is deep enough to coyer the seed. I am in favor of 
drilling for a number of reasons. First, you can grow 
more than double the amount of cane on the same land. 
Second, the quality is a great deal better. Third, you can 
cut it nearer the ground. Fourth, you can blade it a great 
deal faster, besides it is not half so apt to lodge or blow 
down, as each stalk is strong and independent. In fact 
there is economy all the way until you get through hand- 
ling it. You want a stalk every one and one-half or two 
inches. I would rather have a stalk every inch than one 
ever three or four inches; you want your rows four feet 
apart. Planting in this way you will have a crop of 



(10) 

oven and original stalks, which won't be half so likely to 
throw out succors; cane grown in this way will produce 
tar more syrup to the aero and of a better quality. If you 
fail to get a good stand, you will more than likely be both- 
ered with succors which shoul I be removed before they 
are five inches long as they will take the strength of the 
main stalk and cause the syrup to not be so good, your 
cane will also be more likely to lodge, and not ripen even. 



CULTIVATION. 

This should commence as soon as you get part of your 
crop planted, especially if it looks like raining, if the 
weather is fair perhaps you can finish. Then take your 
shovel plow and go around each row, just as close as pos- 
sible, making a furrow to drain off the water, and to re- 
ceive the rays of the sun. If you roll an inch of dirt once 
and a while on the drill of covered seed it won't do anv 
hurt, it only will form a break so the water will goto the 
furrow. Now watch close, it will be up in a few days 
then you must lose no time. Take a rake or hoe and go 
over the rows and kill the young grass, and where the. 
plants are very thick take out a few then plow again, and 
in eight or ten days go over again, taking out the grass 
and weeds clean, also thinning to one and one-half inches. 
This will end the worst part of the cultivation, providing 
everything has been done right. Plow your cane 
thoroughly and deep, keep it clean until it begins to joint 
oris three feet high. Then quit and do no more to it, in 
the shape of plowing, leaving your ground as near level 
as possible. Hilling up cane injures it and plowing after 
it begins to joint is injurious and will spoil the syrup. If 
you havejimpson, cockleburs and other large weeds to 
contend with after you quit plowing, pull them out by 
hand or cut off with a brush-scythe. 



(11) 

The roots now being no more disturbed can take their 
course and find the good qualities which the soil posseses, 
and will produce a No. 1 article of syrup, and 50 per cent, 
more than any other mode of culture. By strictly adhere- 
ing to the principles herein layed down, and using' your 
judgment judiciously where circumstances vary, doing 
everything at the proper time and place, I can't see what 
is to hinder any farmer from growing a good crop of 
cane, and the same producing a good quality of syrup if 
properly manufactured. 



HAKVESTING. 



To strip cane, take a wooden sword or a narrow fork- 
ed stick, some use a three tined fork. Then if you can 
take a day when the wind is blowing hard it is an easy 
job. Here you will again see the importance in favor of 
drilling cane, besides it is not likely your cane will be 
lodged. The blades should be taken off five or ten days 
preyious t® cutting up your cane or just when the seed is 
in last dough state, so that when you come to cut your 
caue it is thoroughly ripe or at least three-fourths of the 
stalks should be in a matured state and if all could be, so 
much the better. By following up the above instructions 
carefully, you hurry up the maturity just at the right time 
and get rid of the overplus of bad juice and acid, which 
is one of the great causes of so much bad syrup. Now 
when ripe cut it close to the ground and keep it from 
dropping in the dirt, for here is the first start of filthy 
syrup after you haye a good crop of cane grown. As the 
stalk dries, it absorbs the dirt, and you can scarcely get 
rid of it. The last joint below has more good syrup in it, 
than the three top ones. Never top your cane until you 
have it cut then top below the first joint and keep it off 
the ground if possible. The blades auswer a good pur- 
pose here or anything that is dry. If you could keep your 



(12) 



cine out of the hot sun and rain and at an even tempature 
all the better for a good syrup. Never work up your cane 
until it has laid ten days after cutting. If at that time 
you can't get it worked up and it has to lay six or eight 
weeks or even till December it should be stood erect as it 
grew, on boards or in a barn so as to admit the air and 
keep the water evaporating in its natural channels or it 
will sour. The sweet never evaporates, if it did we could 
not use open pans. Here you can protect it from freezing 
by covering: with hay or straw until you can get it worked 
up. Then haul to the mill as fast as it is worked up and 
you will be sure of good syrup, superior in taste to that 
worked up early and halt green. By a little care you can 
work cane in this latitude until December. The producer 
ot cane should know just what it takes to manufacture a 
good feyi'up and the manufactuer should know just how to 
grow or at least know by the looks and taste when cane is 
grown right. Then he would be able to proceed Intelli- 
gently and make his part of the work a success and a 
pleasant paying business. Hence I will say a few words 
on manufacturing. 



MANUFACTURING. 

This is the last and most essential point. First you 
need simple machinery made strong and durable, which 
will last for years if properly cared for. Then it should 
cost a reasonable price and be in the reach of all. 



CRUSHERS. 



On a little inquiry you can find who makss the best 
crusher nearest home and thereby saving freights. Most 
of the large cities which have founderies should manufac- 
ture a good crusher. I hope to be able by another season 



(13) 

to have an improved crusher on the market which will 
be cheap, durable and come at much less than some which 
are offered at present. 



EVAPORATORS. 

You want the best and most economical. The best 
pans or evaporators which have been patented, are man- 
ufactured East and cost entirely too much. This is what 
led me to to the present discovery of a new system of 
making pans. I beleiye that my system has all the advan- 
tages of the most costly aparatus and is in the reach of all. 
I hope the producers ol cane will urge on the manufac- 
turers the importance of getting the best improved ma- 
chinery, 60 as to make an even grade of syrup. Then 
both will realize a better profit, and find a steady market 
for our surplus "sweet." 

The way most of the cane juice is reduced to syrup is 
astonishing ; it is done by main strength and awkwardness 
and not by any intelligent system, and to a great extent 
the cane has been produced in the same way ; by chauce 
or some other miserable accident. That is the cause of so 
much poor molasses on the market, at ruinous figures. 
Who would not get discouraged at such results? Nature 
has fixed laws governing everything and man should 
study these laws and apply them judiciously and every- 
thing would go along smooth and profitably in all branch- 
es of trade and business. The bee don't gather honey 
from thorns or thistles, but from the sweetest flowers. 
Here is a fathomless depth of reflection on nature's won- 
derful works. 

The cane plant when properly cultivated aud manu- 
factured comes nearer producing honey for the human race 
in abundance, than anything which man can put together. 
I can guarantee a No. 1 article of honey syrup to almost 
every one if they will plant the Imphee African cane that 
is pure, and do their part as layed down hereiu, which 



(14) 



some may not call very intelligent or dramatical, and ad 
mitting the fact, I believe they might learn a valuable les- 
son after all. 



CLEANLINESS. 

This is the next in order. To make nice syrup every 
thing must be kept clean and in order, and when you have 
syrup ready to put in the barrel, see that the head has been 
taken out and thoroughly cleaned. Never put molasses 
in a barrel unless it is cool. The steam that is in it causes 
a dark color if confined no matter how nice it was before. 
Thorough filtering previous to boiling is indispensible, if 
you expect good syrup. My new plan for straining the juice 
several hundred times while boiling, in connection with 
my New Evaporating Pan, takes out every particle of 
foreign substance. Skimming so much while reducing is 
a bad practice as it breaks the skum and won't gather or get 
strong enough to hold the heavy particles. Skimming not 
enough is just as bad. Hence ray new plan on skimmiug 
I believe will be a great benefit as it will save a great deal 
of labor and* do the work more thoroughly just ar. the 
right time. We must get rid of all the green and foreign 
substance or we can't produce a fine syrup. When I say- 
syrup I mean one which will bring the highest price in 
the market, and it can be done. The syrup made from 
cane some say has a peculiar taste ; well that is a fact to a 
great extent and .the cause is there has been something' 
done at the wrong time. I have known fine syrup to be 
produced from cane grown on highly manured land or 
stock yards, to be so salty that it could not be used. It 
was simply in the growth, and now when you come to 
the manufacturing of syrup there is nine chances out of ton 
to make a bad article if everything is not done just at the 
right time. For health, there is no sweet . made that is 
better. Ask a chemist and he will tell you that this cane 



(15) 

syrup has an acid in it which is indispensible to the health 
of man, and the more you use it the more you will like 
it. While other molasses all have more or less chemicals 
and impurities which are injurious to the human system 
and uo doubt has been the cause of much dispepsy and 
other diseases. Right here I will say another word for 
the intelligent. The candies to-day that are sold by the 
million of dollars worth annualy,are the most deadly poison 
dosed out, say what you please scientific men and women ; 
it is a fact • nd can be proven ; besides destroying the teeth 
it destroyes the digestive organs and creates an apetite for 
irregular meals, which in many cases has been the first 
step to encourage drunkeness. How often we hear the 
young man say my teeth are bad and ache and will try 
smoking and chewing. Then what seores of cases have 
went step by step to the drunkards grave just from this 
one starting point. There is scarcely any colored candy 
but what has poison in it more or less and even the white 
candy at this day is so adulterated it is scarcely fit to taste, 
much less to gorge the stomach with. What is the reason 
so many children have been killed almost instantly if it 
don't contain poison ? but generaly speaking it is a slow 
poison, a penny's worth at a time. It is laying the foun- 
dation mite by mite, and you don't realize that you have 
poisoned your child ; such is the case and has-been proven 
time and again. Now give your children all the pure 
molasses or sugar they can eat at their regular meals and 
they will not require any other sweets for health. In place 
of buying candy for your children buy them instructive 
toys or books whieh will teach them a lesson for future 
benefit, and keep a bottle of cough syrup on hand in place 
of candies for colds. 



PROFIT OF CANE GROWING. 

Say the average per acre is 100 gallons, that is 50 
gallons per acre less than it should be if the rule tor 



(16) 

cultivation herein is followed. We will take 100 gallons 
as an average. Now if a No. 1 article of home made svr- 
up is worth 50 cents per gallon for family use, why not 
raise it? you are sure then you have it, and know what it 
costs and it is paid for and you don't have to be buying 
continually by the gallon at all prices, and get short meas- 
ure, bad molasses and out part of the time just when you 
are likely to need it the worst, besides it is a continual 
drawing on your purse. Now the seed for poultry and 
hogs and the fodder left on the ground for manure and 
the sweet skimmings for vinegar, the other waste for the 
pigs will pay all the extra expense oyer the growth of 
corn. Now say you get 100 gallons of syrup half will be 
yours. You can now count the profit and will find that 
it is far cheaper to grow your own syrup and have plenty 
and your family will also require a great deal less sugar 
which is another saving. There could be volumns more 
written on this subject but I have said enough to convince 
any one of its vast importance. 



HINTS ON PREPARATION. ETC. 

First now in order is a good location, with plenty of fall 
and water, and a proper house or shed to work in ; then 
see that your furnace is in order, which must be air tight, 
or it will consume too much fuel, and you can not get the 
proper degree of heat; your furnace should be thorough- 
ly dry before attempting to commence making molasses or 
firing heavy, as it will crack, and you can't possibly get 
the necessary degree of heat. Close up the cracks as fast as 
they show, no matter how fine. Brick is best for the 
front part of a furnace, or any rock that will stand fire 
will do. Back of that any common rock auswers. Brick, 
clay, or white fire-proof clay makes good mortar for this 
purpose. After your wall is leveled to suit the pan, ash- 
es are best to bed the pan in, tor they are always handy. 



(17) 

Keep everything around the furnace sprinkled with water, 
to keep down dust and the ashes in their proper place 
alouur the edge of the pan. Back of the ash-pit you must 
fill up close to the pan with dirt; say within four or six 
inches, according to the size of your chimney or the 
amount of draft required. You can increase the draft by 
digging a hole under your chimney the size of a bucket 
or half bushel. The mouth of the furnace should be to- 
wards the prevailing winds if possible. You want good 
furnace doors air tight, so as the draft has to enter under 
the grates. Here is where you will gain time and some 
fuel and control a proper degree of heat, which is indis- 
pensable in making a good syrup. If you expect to get 
all the benefit of the heat which is in fuel consumed, 
keep the cold draft away trom your pan and make it en- 
ter untjer the grate. Next, your pans should be made out 
of the heaviest galvanized iron, of the best quality, and 
should not have a seam come in contact with the fire, and 
there should be no wood come in contact with the 
hot juice or molasses, as it imparts color to the syrup. 
My pan is seamless and has no wood in connection with 
the heated juice or syrup. 



FILTERING. 



A long trough is best, say 12 or 18 feet, pack weli 
with clean prairie hay, other hay or straw will do but not 
so well. Previous to starting through the filter you should 
run it through a tub with hay or straw, that will take out 
the most filth, so that your trough will only need new 
straw or hay in every morning and a thorough cleaning 
every night, while your tub will need cleaning 
two or three times during the day or the heavy dirt taken 
off. Three pine boards one foot wide make a good filter. 
You can't be too thorough in filtering, especially if the 
cane is a little green or has been in the least damaged. 
If you have nothiug but sweet water to contend with. 



(IS) 

when once over the fire it is an easy matter to make nice 
syrup, but if you have ail the filth which is on the cane, 
you stand a poor chance of making a good syrup. The 
more fall you can get from your crusher to the .furnace the 
better you can filter. Wood is another important item. 
Your fuel should be thoroughly dry and worked up in 
shape previous to the working season, It should be dry 
or part of it at least should be in the dry, so you won't 
be loseing time in bad weather, everything in fact should 
be in the dry, crusher, cane and all. should the season be 
wet, it would be a great saving. By using some coal with 
your wood makes a hotter and more even fire- 
Where fuel is high and scarce the crushed stalks dried 
and pressed to some extent make an excellent 
fuel. My new cooling apparatus will be found of great 
importance as the steam can escape thoroughly and leaves 
the syrup lighter colored and prepares it quicker for the 
barrel. 

The essential points which I claim for my Evaporat- 
ing Pans are *. 

1st. They have no seams to be burning and coloring 
the syrup. 

2nd. I use dampers and have perfect control of the 
fire in a second if neeessary. 

3d. The Pan and furnace is so construe ted that the 
fire is never checked. 

4th. I can draw off syrup as thick as candy and not 
scorch it in the least. 

5th. We simply change the course of the fire and don'fc 
check it. Hence we get all the heat and lose no time. 

6th. I can skim more thoroughly thau most of pans* 
and with less labor. 

7th. My pau has more heating surface, 

8th. They are easy handled by two persona. 

9th. You can use classifiers if necessarv when cane is 
in a bad condition, strong lime water can be used to ad- 
vantage, by adding a few spoonfuls as the mass is coming 
to a boiling heat, this is unnecessary if every thing has been 



(19) 

properly done previous. A little care and practice will 
soon suggest the proper proportions. 

10th. My new skimmer and straining apparatus in 
connection is unsurpassed. 

11th. They require less care and do the work perfect. 
Hence, it is more pleasant. 

12th. There is not half fhe danger of boiling over and 
if they should there is no loss. 

13th. We use less water in finishing up than any pan 
or evaporator made. 

14th. You can take out the syrup as clean as you 
please with no waste. 

15th. You can quit in fifteen minutes, and don't have 
to usa barrels of water to keep eyerythiug from burning 
up. I have made as much as a tour days run and don't 
believe I used four buckets of water to clean the pans 
during that time, and made as good syrup the last day as 
the first. 

16th. My paus are easier kept clean than any pan 
made. 

17th. They consist of two sections in four depart- 
ments and are so arranged that they bring the juice at the 
proper time over the proper heat, which is a great advan- 
tage in making good syrup. 

18th. Each department is perfectly issoiated, so there 
is no danger of getting the juice of different degrees of 
sweetness mixed which is another cause of black molasses 

19th. I use the syphen in handling most of the hot 
juice and molasses. 

20th. My pans cost but very little more than a com- 
mon box pan and last five times as long and you are sure 
of making a good syrup at less cost. Believing 1 have a 
<jood pan I expect to manufacture some this season for the 
market. They can be manufactured by almost any tin 
smith who has the right and proper instructions. Hence 
there will be a great saving in freights. My prices and 
instructions will be furnished to those wishing pans, or 
wishing to learn of their utility so as to manufacture 
them. 



(20) 

Any information wanted on these subjects will be 
cheerfully answered on receipt of stamp to prepay post- 
age by addressing the author. 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES. 



I have made up my mind that a lew good recipes 
will not be found amiss and it sent forth in this work may 
be the means of relieving some poor sufferers or. saying 
dollars of expense to many. 

''Earth to earth and dust to dust." 

Every thing it seems has to return to mother earth, 
and if man is so particular about burying his brother, 
why not be as particular in burying diseased animals. 
There should be a strict law to this effect and put in force. 
The hog cholera almost invariably follows the chicken 
cholera, and it precaution was taken and remedies used i:i 
time, there would be a great deal less loss by contagious 
diseases. The old saying is an ounce of preventative is 
worth a pound of cure. 



HOG CHOLERA PREVENTATIVE. 

Cleanliness is the first thins: in order and should 
consist of a large pasture judiciously arranged in different 
fields, having blue-grass, clover, artichokes and ground 
almonds, well set. Land once set with these will grow 
hogs without much corn or medicine, providing man will 
learn sense snough to leave the ring out of his pig's noses 
while growing and giye him a chance to grow up in nature's 



(22) 

drugstore. A little corn will then finish him and he will 
be in a healthy condition for market. 

If you can't keep them as above directed, keep plenty 
of stone coal by them, and once a month rake together 
the corn cobs and old beds and sprinkle on some sulphur 
and set fire to the mass. After burning throw on some 
salt; this makes the best charcoal and ashes for hogs there 
is. Then here is a few more: 

Raise your own hogs and keep them at home until 
ready for market. Take one part of sulphur, one part of 
copperas, and four parts of salt, to eight parts of ashes, and 
feed a small handful once a week to each. 

Some one I hear is about to lay in a claim for the 
$10,000 which the State of Missouri offered for a preven- 
tative for hog cholera, claiming the turnip to be the anti- 
dote. I have tried cabbage and found a marked change 
in health and apetite, and if the common field turnip 
proves a preventative there are other things of the same 
family which will do as a substitute in case the turnip is 
a failure. After all the above, if your hogs get the cholera 
keep them away from cold water. Give them warm milk, 
swill or water, when first taken and while they eat and 
when they get to eating add a teaspoonful of turpentine 
twice a day to each. Don't try to drench a hog as you 
will lose him nine times out of ten. The best thing to do 
is to knock him in the head and bury deep. This will 
nine times out often stop the disease, if you have com- 
menced thoroughly with the turpentine. I have had 
good success in growing ground almouds and will send by 
mail one dozen with instructions how to grow on receipt 
of twenty-five cents. Good for man and beast. 

Measles— If your hogs get the measles add to 
the salt and ashes half teaspoonful of saltpetre and the 
same of madder, washing thoroughly with soap suds and 
rubing with kerosen oil. 

Blind Staggers — Apply turpeutine twice a day 
between the ears and down the forehead, and keep in the 
dry. For kidney worms rub the spine thoroughly with 
turpeutine. 



(23) 

Chicken Cholera. — Keep water and old scraps oi 
iron in a trough. If your chickens have a warm place 
and are in good order and don't lay, give onions, chalk, 
egg shells, and heat some lard and stir in some oats, and 
while warm put in some red pepper chopped fine. Keep 
plenty of gravel on the yard and a shallow box with dry 
ashes in it and a few tablespoonfuls oi sulphur. Also 
sprinkle the nest with sulphur, and they won't be troubled 
with lice, or any disease. 

To Cure Croup. — Take a paper that will cover the 
child's chest, spread with tallow and sprinkle with ginger 
or very thin mustard will do but be careful and don't put 
on enough to blister. Spread on, drawing close up to the 
lower part of the throat, and keep it on until relieved. 
Keep pulverized alum and sugar or molasses ready ,' give 
a teaspoonful every few minutes until they vomit, then 
stop unless they get worse. If your children are subject 
to croup or bad colds, grease their chest on going to bed, 
aud give some good tea. Elder blossom when in full 
bloom gathered and dried carefully, makes one of the best 
teas for children. Follow up next morning with a 
cathartic. 

Good Cure for Common Colds. — Take prickly ash 
bark and soak in cold water and on going to bed drink 
freely, aud during the night. This is also good for 
rheumatism. 

Sure Cure for Frost Bite. — Take a piece of alum 
and wet it with your tongue, and rub the affected parts 
every evening thoroughly until cured. 

To Make Good Vinegar. — One quart of molasses and 
three gallons rain water ; add your green apple parings 
and one quart of dried apples well browned. Put in half 
tea cup of yeast or vinegar plant. Cover with thin muslin 
and set away in a warm place. The vinegar will be good 
in two or three weeks. As you take out vinegar add more 
sweetened water in the same proportion. Dealers can 
manufacture there own vinegar in this way, and sell with- 
out being in danger of poisoning their customers. 



To Peevent Lice on Stock. — Feed half teaspoon iu! 
sulphur to each anirnal with salt and ashes once a week. 

To Keep Sweet Potatoes the Year Round. — As. 
soon as the leaves are killed by frost, take oft the vines and 
dig. Pick up in baskets carefully and don't bruise or 
break oft the roots. Carry to your boxes and lay. in as ear- 
fully as eggs. Your boxes or barrels should have been 
prepared previous. Have them air tight. Spread hay or 
straw in the bottom two inches deep. Your box should 
be up stairs or in the garret where the heat from 
below will strike it or the chimney will keep them warm. 
The larger the pile of potatoes the better, as they will no \ 
cool so fast. Leave your boxes open until cold weather, 
and as the cold advances add old clothing and matting. 
and when water will begin to freeze out doors connect 
your box with an opening through the floor, by hanging 
quilts or something down oyer the box to the floor. If 
your box is in a room where there is fire during the day, 
ir don't require so much care. The main thing is to keep 
the temperature about 50 degrees. Don't move your po- 
tatoes after they have become accustomed to this position 
and latitude. If your potatoes begin to rot you had bet- 
ter get rid of them as they are damaged and will not keep. 
! have kept sweet potatoes twelve months which were as 
sound and good as they were when put up. It they begin 
to shrivel 'or take the dry rot, sprinkle with tepid water, 
every tew days. Sweet potatoes must have air and more 
so than any other vegetable and that through one opening 
at the top of the box. As the cold advances they need 
less air. When spring comes give them more air and shut 
off the heat from below and spread them out but be care- 
ful and not let them chill at night, Don't put sand or dirt 
with potatoes. The) must have air. 

Fruit Tree Cultivation.— All varieties generally 
require a deep, loose, well drained, rich soil, followed up 
with thorough cultivation. Train the top of your trees 
close to the ground, so they will shade the trunk and 
ground which will greatly prevent insects, besides they 



(25) 

istand the storms better and the fruit is much easier gath- 
ered without injuring the trej or fruit. 

The following remedies will be found effectual against 
borers, rabbits and other insects. 

Take one quart soft soap and one pint coal oil, mix 
thoroughly, and add one ounce of aloes well dissolved, 
mix the whole with ten gallons of water. Sprinkle the 
tops of your trees thoroughly or any other plants effected 
with insects. Apply once a day in the evening, until their 
depredations are checked. Then once a week will answer. 

Special Mixture for Rabbits and Borers. — Soft 
soap, one gallon ; assafoetida, one ounce; turpentine, half 
pint. Paint the body of your trees two or three times a 
year. Take away the dirt around the tree and dig out the 
borers, and paint thoroughly with the wash, then replace 
the dirt. This comes from good authority and in my 
mind believe it will be found effectual. 

Sulphur has been recommended for blight and rust in 
apples. Take one ounce and sprinkle round the body of 
the tree three or four feet and rake it in good, early in the 
spring each year. 

Blight in Pear Trees a Sure Cure. — Remove the 
earth from the body and main roots of the trees two or 
three feet. Take old scraps of cast iron and pound up to 
the size of marbles. Put in a pail and pour on yinegar, 
and put one handful along the roots and around the body 
and replace the dirt. This will be found effectual for all 
trees diseased for want of iron, which I believe is the cause 
of fruit failing more than anything else. 

To Distroy Caterpillars. — Smoke your trees with 
a sulphur torch, which is a sure death to the caterpillars, 
and I believe will be found a sure remedy against blight 
in small fruit. 

To Make Cabbage Head.— Take a stick the size of a 
lead pencil and sharpen to a point, and run it through the 
stalk just above the ground, give a twist and draw out. 
Try this and you will be convinced. 



(26) 

To Dress Furred Game. — Dip the animal in water 
until the iur is wet and you can remove it withtout slick- 
ing to the flesh. 

Don't feed a dog turpentine, if you do fits will i.e 
the result. 

To Kill Rats, Mice, Roaches, etc. — Learn them to 
eat out of a small box half covered containing one part 
sugar; eight parts meal; and four parts flour or shorts 
Let them eat at this a day or two, allowing them a scanty 
meal, then add tour parts of the finest plaster paris. which 
can be obtained at any drugstore and the work will be 
done. It will become solid in their stomachs and death 
will tollow. 

Fire Kindler. — Take an oyster can and cut a hole 
large enough to receive a corn cob, put a halt pint of coal 
oil in the can and fit a lid or cork and set away where it 
will be handy and have a cob with it. When you want 
to kindle afire dip the cob in the can in the oil, and hold 
a second or two over the can to drain, then la> in the 
stove near the drait and put your fine coal, wood or chip? 
and light with a match. This is the cheapest and best fire 
kindler in existence. 

Care of Horses, etc. — Feed, water, work and salt 
regular. Give your horses all the ashes and salt they will 
eat at leasure and a teaspoon tul ot sulphur once a week, 
especialy if your stock have lice, It your horse gets the 
colic and you have no good remedy at hand, take hen ma- 
nure and make a strong tea aud drench with it. Brown 
salt makes a good drench. Feed your norses once 
a month plenty of green elm brush or bark, it is better 
than any medicine. Assafoetida is a good preventative 
of diseases, tie on the bits and keep in trough. 

Water Proof Blacking. — Beeswax, half pound; ros- 
in, quarter pound; tallow, two pounds; castor oil, half 
pint; lamp black, half ounce; put the whole together and 
bring slowly to a boiling heat,stirring continually until all 
is dissolved. This eost9 but very little and will save mor e 



(27) 

than five dollars worth of leather a year. Put oit warm 
not hot, and ruh in thoroughly, and when your boots be- 
gin to soak water dry and give them a good coat of black- 
ing and vou will never be troubled with wet feet. 

For Lock Jaw. — Tobacco wot and laid on the pit of 
stomach, when it sickened remove, replace if necessary. 

As a Remedy for all kind ol malarious and ©Id diseases 
where the system has been worn out by mineral and oth* 
cr medicine the following' can't be beat. Take equal parts 
ol Slippery el pi, wild cherry bark, wahoo and sarsaparilla 
root, half part prickly ash bark, one-fourth part peruyian 
bark, cover with water, and stew down hall and strain off 
good. Add sugar or home made syrup, enough to make 
double the quantity. One tablespoonful twice a day is a 
dose. Add to each dose enough rhubarb to regulate the 
bowels and djon't neglect it, you will be surprised at the 
effect and the improvement of your system. To keep this 
from freezing or souring, add one-fourth alcohol, or 
keep in a cool place. 

Ink That Will Never Fade. — Take one tablespoon- 
ful iron fillings from the blacksmith shop and wash off 
with vinegar then put in au ovster can and add half pint 
rain water, and set so as the sun can shine on the surface 
or the water when black, bottle leaving in the iron. Add 
one tablespoonful of molasses to make it flow even. 

For Rheumatism. — Bathe and rnb the spine with tur- 
pentine. 

To Cure Poison.— If any one should get an overdose 
ot morphine or opium, make strong coffee and drink 
freely. 

For Other Poisons. — Vomit at once, give a teaspoon- 
ful of ground mustard in half teacupful of warm water 
repeat if necessary, then go for the doctor. 

Snake Bites.— A simple remedy without a second's 
delay must be applied, apply water and mud continuously. 
Kill the snake and split open and bind on or if you have 
any kind ot game handy split open and apply at once 



(28) 

keeping on 'till dry, then remove. The entrails is best. 
Any one traveling should cary a bottle ot spirits amouia 
and bathe thoroughly. 

Fok Bee and other Stings. — Amouia is good it ap- 
plied immediately. 

Mad Dog Bite. — Keep a piece ot lunar caustic at hand, 
cut out the part bitten if possible and apply the caustic, 
and send for medical aid. There is little use for a physi- 
cian after a disease is set. The time to begin is when the 
accident happens. 

To Cure Drunknness. — Taste not, handle not and 
chew some bitter roots. 

A Good Salve for Cuts, Bruises, etc. — Rosin, ten 
parts; mutton tallow, one part ; beeswax, one part ; melt 
together and work well. 

A Good Cough Syrup. — Take equal parts of the fol- 
lowing: slippery elm, thorough wort, flaxseed. Stew in 
water until the strength is thoroughly extracted and strain, 
add one part licorice, and one part sugar, molasses or 
honey to make a good syrup. Coyer the herbs with water 
and stew down one half. Take a table spoonful when the 
cough is troublesome. This is good kr throat and lung 
affections. Consumption has been cured by the following 
remedy when all others failed. Take equal parts of apple 
vinegar, honey and grated horse-radish. Mix cold and 
use freely. The longer it stands the better it is. 

Remedy for Ear Ache. — When caused from cold or 
exposure, take a mouthful of tobacco smoke and blow 
through a pipe stem into the ear and close with cotton, 
put cotton round the end of the stem so as to fit the open- 
ing of the ear. When caused from foriegn matter, bugs, 
dirt or any other cause, take one teaspoonful of butter pre- 
pared for the table, warm so as it will run freely, pour in 
the ear and close with cotton. This is the best and surest 
remedy known, and will do no injury. 



(29) 

Cjesar's Cuke pok Snake Bites. — Take roots of 
plant on and hoarhoiiud, equal parts, extract the juice at 
strong aa possible by boiling, giving the patient at a dose 
the amount which a small handful or one ounce will pro- 
duce, give once or twice a day, as the case may be, also 
applying the other outward remedies. Caspar recieved 
his freedom by this discovery and South Carolin v gave 
him a reward of $485. There is no doubt but this is good, 
and if a bottle of it was prepared, and one fourth the 
bulk of alcohol added to keep it for cases of emergencies 
there would be many valuable lives saved. 

The World Renowned Cholera Cure. — Take equal 
parts tincture of opium, red pepper, rhubarb, peppermint 
and camphor. For children with common bowel com- 
plaint give three to fiye drops, and properly diet them and 
you would save a doetor bill and probably your child. 
For cholera there is nothing equal to this and you should 
never be without a vial of It. Dose for adult ten to thirty 
drops in water. 

Dyspepsia Remedy. — Haye a variety of food of easy 
digestion, changing as often as it disagrees with you. 
Plenty out door exercise and eat three times a day at reg- 
ular hours, drink as little as possible, butter milk and soft 
water may be drank aud most of that before meal if they 
disagree with you eat your meals dry, and don't eat too 
harty and don't drink until your meal has digested and 
then very little, one morsel too much or the least thing 
indigestable is what spoils your meal and continues to irri- 
tate the stomach. Butter milk is the best drink when 
dyspepsia has set in providing the stomach will bear it, and 
if children could have plenty of this in olace of coffee, 
tea and candies, they would grow up with healthy stom- 
aches and be prepared to enjoy life. I know these to be 
lacts from personal experience. I would give a cure for 
dyspepsia if the afflicted could get it prepared at a reason- 
able price out ot unadulterated drugs, but the amount of 
patent humbugs on the market for a sure cure for this and 
a hundred other diseases, and the trouble you would have 



(30) 

iu getting pure drug*, in small quantaties at reason- 
able prices. I deem it best to buy at wholesale prices and 
send the medicine already prepared by; mail and it will 
be much cheaper and give entire satisfaction, as I have 
seen it thoroughly tested tor more than eight years and 
know that a cure can be affected, and if it don't cure it 
won't cost near as much as the patent humbugs sent out. 
U is pleasant to take and won't injure the most feeble 
male or temale. It is composed of harmless ingrediences 
and will be sent in quantities desired by mail lor25cts. 50 
cis.. and $100 per package. One 25 cent package will satisfy 
; ou oi it? utility' and cheapness, as I expect to charge but 
very little over the cost of the material so as to bring it 
in the reach of all. 

To Dress Furs, Skins, etc. — Soak your skins in water 
until they become soft and take off the fle>h. Take equal 
parts o! the following: alum, salt petre, salt, and borax. 
Pulverize and spread on the flesh side nicely, then lay 
the flesh sides together, roll up and keep in a cool place 
twenty-four hours, then work a while and repeat the dose. 
Work dry, which will finish it. 

Worms in Children. — Give them slippery elm bark to 
eat and give them a tew drops of turpentine on su- 
trax once or twice a day. 

To Cure Sore Throat. — Holy hock flowers made into 
strong tea sweetened with sugar and gargle thoaougsly, 
The flowers can be dried for winter use. Sugar and cam- 
phor makes a good ofargle. Sulphur has been reccommened 
as a sure remedy to gargle with, swallowing some at 
the game time. Muriate tincture of iron, thirty drops, in 
a half teacup of water, with a teaspoonfnl of chloride of 
potash and sugar added makes a splenlid gargle. Swal- 
low half teaspoonful twice or three times a day. 

Dried Corn. — This i« an excellent dish for winter 
use and simply requires soaking for the table. There is 
no patent on this and should be prepared at home and not 
import it from the East. Take corn on the cob and boil, 
adding salt to season, and lay in the sun to dry, when 
thoroughly dry it will shell easy or you can shell with a 



(31) 

corn shelter ; after shelled put into a barrel and take a 
board eight inches square and grove the bottom, nail to 
the end of apiece of scantling, which should be the length 
ot your barre', then nail a handle on the other end and 
your machine is perfected. This will by turnning back 
and forth grind of the chaff. It is also good for shelling 
other seeds and preparing them for market. 

To Measure Corn in the Crib. — This rule will ap- 
ply to a crib of any size or kind. Two cubic feet of good 
sound, dry corn in the ear will make a bushel ot 
shelled corn. To get, then, the quantity of shelled corn in 
the ear, measure the length, breadth and height ot the crib 
inside of the rail ; multiply the length by the breadth, and 
the product by the height ; then divide the product by two 
and you have the number of bushels ot shelled corn in the 
crib. 

To find the number of bushels of apples, po f atoes, etc.. 
in a bin, multiply the length, breadth and thickness to- 
gether ; and this product by 8, and point off one figure 
in the product for decimals. 

To Keep Butter Sweet. — Butter can be kept sweet for 
twelve months by packing in jars and cover with strong 
salt brine. * 

Bed Bug Poison. — Take camphor prepared for use. 
turpentine, and coal oil equal parts which is sure death to 
them. 

Ring Worm Cure. — A solution of corrosive sublimate 

in collodion, and rub on the place occasionally. 

Stiff Joints.— Skunk oil applied three times a day 
is the best in the world. 

Burns.— Pulverized salt petre and sweet oil is good 
Charcoal will remove the smell of anything while 
boiling, by adding a small piece. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 

Best Variety, 5 

Burns 31 

Bod Bug Poison, 31 

Best Soil, 6 

Blind Staggers 22 

Blignt in Pear Trees 25 

Cultivation 10 

Crushers, 12 

Dried Corn 30 

Cleanliness 14 

Cure'for Common Colds,. . .23 
Charcoal to prevent odor.. 31 

Chicken Cholera, 23 

Care of Horses, etc 26 

Caesar's Cure for F nake Bite29 

Depth of Planting, 9 

Dyspepsia Remedy 29 

Evaporators, 13 

For Other Poisons, 27 

Filtering, 1? 

Fruit Tree Cultivation, ... .24 
For Bee and otfcpr Stings,.. 28 

Fire Kindler, 26 

For Lock Javr 27 

For Rheumatism 27 

General Remedies 27 

Good Cough Syrup, 28 

Good Salve, 28 

Hog Cholera Preventative,. 21 
Hints on Preparation,. .16 
ink that will nevei Fade,.. 27 
Miscellaneous Reeiepes,. . .21 



PAGE. 

Mad Dog Bite, 28 

Measles, 22 

Manufacturing 12 

Profit of Cane Growing, ... .15 

Preparing the Seed, 8 

Preparing Soil, 7 

Ring Worms, 31 

Remedy for Ear Ache, 28 

Sure Cure for frost bite, ..23 
Special Mixtures Rabbits.. 25 

Snake Bites,. .. 27 

Stiff Joints, 31 

To Keep Cutter Sweet 31 

To Measure Corn in Cribs, .31 

Treatise on Cane ft 

Time of Planting, 7 

To Cure Croup*. 23 

To Make Good vinegar, 23 

To Prevent lice on Stock,. .24 
To Keep Sweet Potatoes.. .24 
To Destroy Caterpillars.. .25 
To Make Cabbage Head,. .25 
To Measure Apples in blns,31 

To Dress Furred Game, 26 

To Kill Rats, Roaches, etc,,26 

To Cure Poison 27 

To Cure Drunkeness 28 

To Dress Furs, Skins, etc., .30 

To Cure Sore Throat, 30 

Worms in Children, 30 

Water Proof Blacking,.. 26 
World renown cholera cure29 



THE HUB FOR EVERYBODY. 



THEGREATES INVETION OF THE AGE. 



1st. The Box is adjustable. 

2nd. The box can be made of brass. 

3rd, The wheel can be refiilled any place in 
less than a half an hour. 

4th. The spokes are used fheir full unbeveled 
size and form an arch of solid wood ten times 
stronger and more durable for wet and dry climate^, 
than any wheel ever made. 

5th. The wheel can be put up as cheap as any 
other patent wheels. % 

6th. The spokes will never break off in the hub 
or loosen. 

7th. The mechanical power of the wheel is so 
constructed that you have perfect control of the 
dishing' or tightning of your wheel witbflii^molestiiig 
or removing the tire from the fellows. 

8th. This is the stronges, best and easiest 
and repaired wheel ever brought before the public. 
Everybody should get wagons and buggies with the 
new Adjustable Thimble, Shell Hub. It has to be 
seen to be appreciated. It will last a lifetime and is 
fuly warranted. This is no patent humbug. 

For Rights. Agencys, Royalties, &c, address 

S. M. WALOHER. 
Somerset, Miami Co., Kansrs. 

Agent for the United States and all Foreign 
countries. 




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